Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases : [editorial]

Ocular examination is an essential diagnostic component of any physical examination, which can assist in differential diagnosis and be crucial in decision regarding the treatment method. A significant number of diseases are known to present with ocular involvement, such as vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, diseases involving nervous system, or rheumatoid diseases. Sometimes, ocular involvement is present as a primary symptom, such as peripheral corneal ulcer in the case of Wegener granulomatosis or rheumatoid arthritis, or ocular involvement is secondary to systemic diseases, for example, retinal angiopathy related to hypertension. Ocular symptoms connected to systemic diseases involve both anterior and posterior eye segments and all tissues of the eye globe. Therefore, there is a wide variety of ocular symptoms in clinical practice which are crucial in differential diagnosis. Recent advances in diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology, for example, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), give new opportunities to diagnose microvascular systemic changes.